Extended phenotype redux
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چکیده
The idea of the extended phenotype (EP), which was first proposed by the British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins to explain how and why organisms—or, more fundamentally, their genes—are able to manipulate their environment (Dawkins, 1982), has been the focus of intense debate and much research for more than 20 years. In his book, The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene, Dawkins observed that, “[the extended pheno type] so far changes the way we see animals and plants that it may cause us to think of testable hypotheses that we would otherwise never have dreamed of.” The EP has certainly been the stimulus for a great deal of research activity recently, as the tools of genomics and proteomics provide fresh evidence of its importance. The concept of the EP helps, for example, to explain how parasites modify the behaviour of their hosts to their advantage, or nest-building behaviour in birds. In particular, the rel ationship between the bacterial flora of the gut and their mammalian hosts has been a hot topic of late; one that has yielded new examples of the EP to support the themes Dawkins originally outlined.
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تاریخ انتشار 2013